Pilar-pilar Keunggulan Kompetitif: Sebuah Pandangan Berbasis Sumber Daya Competitive Advantage Pillars: A View Based Resource
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Published:
Oct 30, 2019
Keywords:
Resource Based View, Competitive Advantage
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Abstract
This article describes the economic activities that underlie a resource-based view of competitive advantage and integrate existing perspectives into a model of saving from resources and company performance. The essence of this model are the four conditions that underlie sustainable competitive advantage, all of which must be met. These include superior resources (heterogeneity in an industry), ex post limits to competition, imperfections in resource mobility, and limits before competition (ex ante limits to competition). In the concluding section, application models are discussed both for single business strategies and corporate strategies.
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Copyright (c) 2019 Dede Hertina, Mohamad Bayu Herdiawan Hidayat
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References
Amit, R. and P. J. Schoemaker. (1993). 'Strategic assets and organizational rent', Strategic Management Journal, 14, pp. 33-46.
Andrews, K. R. (1971). The Concept of Corporate Strategy, Irwin, Homewood, IL.
Bain, J. (1956). Barriers to New Competition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Barney, J. B. (1986). 'Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck and business strategy', Management Science, 42, pp 1231-1241.
Barney, J. B. (1988). 'Returns to bidding firms in mergers and acquisitions: Reconsidering the relatedness hypothesis', Strategic Management Journal, 9, pp. 71-78.
Barney, 3. B. (1989). 'Asset stocks and sustained competitive advantage: A comment', Management Science, 35, pp. 1511-1513.
Barney, J. B. (1991). 'Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage', Journal of Management, 17, pp. 99-120.
Bator, F. (1958). 'The anatomy of market failure', Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. 351-379.
Castanias, R. and C. Helfat (1991). 'Managerial resources and rents', Journal of Management, 17, pp. 155-171.
Caves, R. E. (1980). 'Industrial organization, corporate strategy and structure', Journal of Economic Literature, 18, pp. 64-92.
Caves, R. E. and M. Porter. (1977). 'From entry barriers to mobility barriers: Conjectural decisions and contrived deterrence to new competition', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91, pp. 241-262.
Chatterjee, S. and B. Wernerfelt. (1991). 'The link between resources and type of diversification: Theory and evidence', Strategic A4anagement Journal, 12, pp. 33-48.
Connor, K. (1991). 'A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm?', Journal of Management, 17, pp. 121-154.
Dierickx, I. and K. Cool. (1989). 'Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage', Management Science, 35, pp. 1504-1511.
Dosi, G., D. Teece, and S. Winter. (1990). 'Toward a theory of corporate coherence: Preliminary remarks', Working paper.
Ghemawat, P. (Sept-Oct 1986). 'Sustainable advantage', Harvard Business Review, pp. 53-58.
Hansen, G. and B. Wernerfelt, (1989). 'Determinants of firm performance: The relative importance of economic and organizational factors', Strategic Management Journal, 10, pp. 399-411.
Klein, B., R. Crawford, and A. Alchian. (1978). 'Vertical integration, appropriable rents, and the competitive contracting process', Journal of Law and Economics, 21, pp. 297-326.
Lieberman, M. and D. Montgomery. (1988). 'First mover advantage', Strategic Management Journal, 9, Special issue, pp. 41-58.
Lippman, S. A. and R. P. Rumelt. (1982). 'Uncertain imitability: An analysis of interfirm differences in efficiency under competition', The Bell Journal of Economics, 13, pp. 418-438.
Mahoney, J. and J. R. Pandian. (1992). 'The resourcebased view within the conversation of strategic management', Strategic Management Journal, 13, pp. 363-380.
Meade, J. (1952). 'External economies and diseconomies in a competitive situation', Economic Journal, pp. 5M7.
Montgomery, C. A. and S. Hariharan. (1991). 'Diversified expansion by large established firms', Journal of Economic Behavior, pp. 71-89.
Montgomery, C. A. and B. Wernerfelt. (1988). 'Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin's q', Rand Journal. pp. 623-632.
Mueller, D. (1986). Profits in the Long Run. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Nelson, R. (1991). 'Why do firms differ and how does it matter', Strategic management Journal, 12, pp. 61-74.
Nelson, R. R. and S. G. Winter. (1982). An Castanias, R. and C. Helfat (1991). 'Managerial resources and rents', Journal of Management, 17, pp. 155-171.
Caves, R. E. (1980). 'Industrial organization, corporate strategy and structure', Journal of Economic Literature, 18, pp. 64-92.
Caves, R. E. and M. Porter. (1977). 'From entry barriers to mobility barriers: Conjectural decisions and contrived deterrence to new competition', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91, pp. 241-262.
Chatterjee, S. and B. Wernerfelt. (1991). 'The link between resources and type of diversification: Theory and evidence', Strategic A4anagement Journal, 12, pp. 33-48.
Connor, K. (1991). 'A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm?', Journal of Management, 17, pp. 121-154.
Dierickx, I. and K. Cool. (1989). 'Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage', Management Science, 35, pp. 1504-1511.
Dosi, G., D. Teece, and S. Winter. (1990). 'Toward a theory of corporate coherence: Preliminary remarks', Working paper.
Ghemawat, P. (Sept-Oct 1986). 'Sustainable advantage', Harvard Business Review, pp. 53-58.
Hansen, G. and B. Wernerfelt, (1989). 'Determinants of firm performance: The relative importance of economic and organizational factors', Strategic Management Journal, 10, pp. 399-411.
Klein, B., R. Crawford, and A. Alchian. (1978). 'Vertical integration, appropriable rents, and the competitive contracting process', Journal of Law and Economics, 21, pp. 297-326.
Lieberman, M. and D. Montgomery. (1988). 'First mover advantage', Strategic Management Journal, 9, Special issue, pp. 41-58.
Lippman, S. A. and R. P. Rumelt. (1982). 'Uncertain imitability: An analysis of interfirm differences in efficiency under competition', The Bell Journal of Economics, 13, pp. 418-438.
Mahoney, J. and J. R. Pandian. (1992). 'The resourcebased view within the conversation of strategic management', Strategic Management Journal, 13, pp. 363-380.
Margaret A. Peteraf , J. L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwester University, Evsnston,,Illinois, U.S.A
Meade, J. (1952). 'External economies and diseconomies in a competitive situation', Economic Journal, pp. 5M7.
Montgomery, C. A. and S. Hariharan. (1991). 'Diversified expansion by large established firms', Journal of Economic Behavior, pp. 71-89.
Montgomery, C. A. and B. Wernerfelt. (1988). 'Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin's q', Rand Journal. pp. 623-632.
Mueller, D. (1986). Profits in the Long Run. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Nelson, R. (1991). 'Why do firms differ and how does it matter', Strategic management Journal, 12, pp. 61-74.
Nelson, R. R. and S. G. Winter. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA.
Penrose, E. T. (1959). The Theory of Growth of the Firm, Basil Blackwell, London.
Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, The Free Press, New York.
Prahalad, C. K. and G. Hamel. (May-June 1990). 'The core competence of the corporation', Harvard Business Review, pp. 79-91.
Ricardo, D. (1965, Original 1817). The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Reprinted, J. M.Dent and Son. London.
Rumelt, R. P. (1984). 'Toward a strategic theory of the firm'. In R. Lamb (ed.), Competitive Strategic Management, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 55&570.
Rumelt, R. P. (1987). 'Theory, strategy, and entrepreneurship'. In D. Teece, (ed.), The Competitive Challenge. Ballinger ,Cambridge, MA, pp. 137-158.
Rumelt, R. P. (1991). 'How much does industry matter?', Strategic Management Journal, 12, pp. 167-186.
Schmalensee, R. (1978). 'Entry deterrence in the ready-to-eat breakfast cereal industry', Bell Journal of Economics, 9, pp. 305-327.
Schmalensee, R. (1985). 'Do markets differ much?', The American Economic Review, 75, pp. 341-350.
Teece, D. J. (1980). 'Economies of scope and the scope of the enterprise', Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, pp. 223-247.
Teece, D. J. (1982). 'Toward an economic theory of the multiproduct firm', Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3, pp. 39-63.
Teece, D. J. (1986). 'Firm boundaries, technological innovation, and strategic management'. In L. G. Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA.
Penrose, E. T. (1959). The Theory of Growth of the Firm, Basil Blackwell, London.
Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, The Free Press, New York.
Prahalad, C. K. and G. Hamel. (May-June 1990). 'The core competence of the corporation', Harvard Business Review, pp. 79-91.
Ricardo, D. (1965, Original 1817). The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Reprinted, J. M. Dent and Son. London.
Rumelt, R. P. (1984). 'Toward a strategic theory of the firm'. In R. Lamb (ed.), Competitive Strategic Management, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 55&570.
Rumelt, R. P. (1987). 'Theory, strategy, and entrepreneurship'. In D. Teece, (ed.), The Competitive Challenge. Ballinger ,Cambridge, MA, pp. 137-158.
Rumelt, R. P. (1991). 'How much does industry matter?', Strategic Management Journal, 12, pp. 167-186.
Schmalensee, R. (1978). 'Entry deterrence in the ready-to-eat breakfast cereal industry', Bell Journal of Economics, 9, pp. 305-327.
Schmalensee, R. (1985). 'Do markets differ much?' The American Economic Review, 75, pp. 341-350.
Teece, D. J. (1980). 'Economies of scope and the scope of the enterprise', Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, pp. 223-247.
Teece, D. J. (1982). 'Toward an economic theory of the multiproduct firm', Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3, pp. 39-63.
Teece, D. J. (1986). 'Firm boundaries, technological innovation, and strategic management'. In L. G.
Thomas, 111. (ed.), The Economics of Strategic Planning, Lexington, Lexington, MA, pp. 187-199.
Teece, D. (1990). 'Contributions and impediments of economic analysis to the study of strategic management'. In J. W. Fredrickson (ed.), Perspectives on Strategic Management, Harper Business, New York. pp. 39-80.
Thompson, A. A. and A. J. Strickland. (1990). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases, Irwin, Homewood, IL.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). 'A resource based view of the firm', Strategic Management Journal, 5, pp. 171-180.
Wernerfelt, B. (1989). 'From critical resources to corporate strategy', Journal of General Management, 14, pp. 4-12.
Wernerfelt, B. and C. A. Montgomery. (1986). 'What is an attractive industry?', Management Science, 32, pp. 1223-1229.
Wernerfelt, B. and C. A. Montgomery. (1988). 'Tobin's q and the importance of focus in firm performance', American Economic Review, 78, pp. 246-250.
Williamson, 0. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies. Free Press, New York.
Williamson, 0.E. (1979). 'Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations', Journal of Law and Economics, 22, pp. 233-261.
Williamson, 0. E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. Free Press, New York.
Williams, J. (1992). 'Strategy and the search for rents: The evolution of diversity among firms,' Working Paper, Carnegie Mellon University.
Yao, D. (1988). 'Beyond the reach of the invisible hand: Impediments to economic activity, market failures, and profitability, Strategic Management Journal, 9, pp. 59-70.
Thomas, 111. (ed.), The Economics of Strategic Planning, Lexington, Lexington, MA, pp. 187-199.
Teece, D. (1990). 'Contributions and impediments of economic analysis to the study of strategic management'. In J. W. Fredrickson (ed.), Perspectives on Strategic Management, Harper Business, New York. pp. 39-80.
Thompson, A. A. and A. J. Strickland. (1990). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases, Irwin, Homewood, IL.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). 'A resource based view of the firm', Strategic Management Journal, 5, pp. 171-180.
Wernerfelt, B. (1989). 'From critical resources to corporate strategy', Journal of General Management, 14, pp. 4-12.
Wernerfelt, B. and C. A. Montgomery. (1986). 'What is an attractive industry?', Management Science, 32, pp. 1223-1229.
Wernerfelt, B. and C. A. Montgomery. (1988). 'Tobin's q and the importance of focus in firm performance', American Economic Review, 78, pp. 246-250.
Williamson, 0. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies. Free Press, New York.
Williamson, 0.E. (1979). 'Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations', Journal of Law and Economics, 22, pp. 233-261.
Williamson, 0. E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. Free Press, New York.
Williams, J. (1992). 'Strategy and the search for rents: The evolution of diversity among firms,' Working Paper, Carnegie Mellon University.
Yao, D. (1988). 'Beyond the reach of the invisible hand: Impediments to economic activity, market failures, and profitability, Strategic Management Journal, 9, pp. 59-70.
Andrews, K. R. (1971). The Concept of Corporate Strategy, Irwin, Homewood, IL.
Bain, J. (1956). Barriers to New Competition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Barney, J. B. (1986). 'Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck and business strategy', Management Science, 42, pp 1231-1241.
Barney, J. B. (1988). 'Returns to bidding firms in mergers and acquisitions: Reconsidering the relatedness hypothesis', Strategic Management Journal, 9, pp. 71-78.
Barney, 3. B. (1989). 'Asset stocks and sustained competitive advantage: A comment', Management Science, 35, pp. 1511-1513.
Barney, J. B. (1991). 'Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage', Journal of Management, 17, pp. 99-120.
Bator, F. (1958). 'The anatomy of market failure', Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. 351-379.
Castanias, R. and C. Helfat (1991). 'Managerial resources and rents', Journal of Management, 17, pp. 155-171.
Caves, R. E. (1980). 'Industrial organization, corporate strategy and structure', Journal of Economic Literature, 18, pp. 64-92.
Caves, R. E. and M. Porter. (1977). 'From entry barriers to mobility barriers: Conjectural decisions and contrived deterrence to new competition', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91, pp. 241-262.
Chatterjee, S. and B. Wernerfelt. (1991). 'The link between resources and type of diversification: Theory and evidence', Strategic A4anagement Journal, 12, pp. 33-48.
Connor, K. (1991). 'A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm?', Journal of Management, 17, pp. 121-154.
Dierickx, I. and K. Cool. (1989). 'Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage', Management Science, 35, pp. 1504-1511.
Dosi, G., D. Teece, and S. Winter. (1990). 'Toward a theory of corporate coherence: Preliminary remarks', Working paper.
Ghemawat, P. (Sept-Oct 1986). 'Sustainable advantage', Harvard Business Review, pp. 53-58.
Hansen, G. and B. Wernerfelt, (1989). 'Determinants of firm performance: The relative importance of economic and organizational factors', Strategic Management Journal, 10, pp. 399-411.
Klein, B., R. Crawford, and A. Alchian. (1978). 'Vertical integration, appropriable rents, and the competitive contracting process', Journal of Law and Economics, 21, pp. 297-326.
Lieberman, M. and D. Montgomery. (1988). 'First mover advantage', Strategic Management Journal, 9, Special issue, pp. 41-58.
Lippman, S. A. and R. P. Rumelt. (1982). 'Uncertain imitability: An analysis of interfirm differences in efficiency under competition', The Bell Journal of Economics, 13, pp. 418-438.
Mahoney, J. and J. R. Pandian. (1992). 'The resourcebased view within the conversation of strategic management', Strategic Management Journal, 13, pp. 363-380.
Meade, J. (1952). 'External economies and diseconomies in a competitive situation', Economic Journal, pp. 5M7.
Montgomery, C. A. and S. Hariharan. (1991). 'Diversified expansion by large established firms', Journal of Economic Behavior, pp. 71-89.
Montgomery, C. A. and B. Wernerfelt. (1988). 'Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin's q', Rand Journal. pp. 623-632.
Mueller, D. (1986). Profits in the Long Run. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Nelson, R. (1991). 'Why do firms differ and how does it matter', Strategic management Journal, 12, pp. 61-74.
Nelson, R. R. and S. G. Winter. (1982). An Castanias, R. and C. Helfat (1991). 'Managerial resources and rents', Journal of Management, 17, pp. 155-171.
Caves, R. E. (1980). 'Industrial organization, corporate strategy and structure', Journal of Economic Literature, 18, pp. 64-92.
Caves, R. E. and M. Porter. (1977). 'From entry barriers to mobility barriers: Conjectural decisions and contrived deterrence to new competition', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91, pp. 241-262.
Chatterjee, S. and B. Wernerfelt. (1991). 'The link between resources and type of diversification: Theory and evidence', Strategic A4anagement Journal, 12, pp. 33-48.
Connor, K. (1991). 'A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm?', Journal of Management, 17, pp. 121-154.
Dierickx, I. and K. Cool. (1989). 'Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage', Management Science, 35, pp. 1504-1511.
Dosi, G., D. Teece, and S. Winter. (1990). 'Toward a theory of corporate coherence: Preliminary remarks', Working paper.
Ghemawat, P. (Sept-Oct 1986). 'Sustainable advantage', Harvard Business Review, pp. 53-58.
Hansen, G. and B. Wernerfelt, (1989). 'Determinants of firm performance: The relative importance of economic and organizational factors', Strategic Management Journal, 10, pp. 399-411.
Klein, B., R. Crawford, and A. Alchian. (1978). 'Vertical integration, appropriable rents, and the competitive contracting process', Journal of Law and Economics, 21, pp. 297-326.
Lieberman, M. and D. Montgomery. (1988). 'First mover advantage', Strategic Management Journal, 9, Special issue, pp. 41-58.
Lippman, S. A. and R. P. Rumelt. (1982). 'Uncertain imitability: An analysis of interfirm differences in efficiency under competition', The Bell Journal of Economics, 13, pp. 418-438.
Mahoney, J. and J. R. Pandian. (1992). 'The resourcebased view within the conversation of strategic management', Strategic Management Journal, 13, pp. 363-380.
Margaret A. Peteraf , J. L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwester University, Evsnston,,Illinois, U.S.A
Meade, J. (1952). 'External economies and diseconomies in a competitive situation', Economic Journal, pp. 5M7.
Montgomery, C. A. and S. Hariharan. (1991). 'Diversified expansion by large established firms', Journal of Economic Behavior, pp. 71-89.
Montgomery, C. A. and B. Wernerfelt. (1988). 'Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin's q', Rand Journal. pp. 623-632.
Mueller, D. (1986). Profits in the Long Run. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Nelson, R. (1991). 'Why do firms differ and how does it matter', Strategic management Journal, 12, pp. 61-74.
Nelson, R. R. and S. G. Winter. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA.
Penrose, E. T. (1959). The Theory of Growth of the Firm, Basil Blackwell, London.
Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, The Free Press, New York.
Prahalad, C. K. and G. Hamel. (May-June 1990). 'The core competence of the corporation', Harvard Business Review, pp. 79-91.
Ricardo, D. (1965, Original 1817). The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Reprinted, J. M.Dent and Son. London.
Rumelt, R. P. (1984). 'Toward a strategic theory of the firm'. In R. Lamb (ed.), Competitive Strategic Management, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 55&570.
Rumelt, R. P. (1987). 'Theory, strategy, and entrepreneurship'. In D. Teece, (ed.), The Competitive Challenge. Ballinger ,Cambridge, MA, pp. 137-158.
Rumelt, R. P. (1991). 'How much does industry matter?', Strategic Management Journal, 12, pp. 167-186.
Schmalensee, R. (1978). 'Entry deterrence in the ready-to-eat breakfast cereal industry', Bell Journal of Economics, 9, pp. 305-327.
Schmalensee, R. (1985). 'Do markets differ much?', The American Economic Review, 75, pp. 341-350.
Teece, D. J. (1980). 'Economies of scope and the scope of the enterprise', Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, pp. 223-247.
Teece, D. J. (1982). 'Toward an economic theory of the multiproduct firm', Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3, pp. 39-63.
Teece, D. J. (1986). 'Firm boundaries, technological innovation, and strategic management'. In L. G. Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA.
Penrose, E. T. (1959). The Theory of Growth of the Firm, Basil Blackwell, London.
Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, The Free Press, New York.
Prahalad, C. K. and G. Hamel. (May-June 1990). 'The core competence of the corporation', Harvard Business Review, pp. 79-91.
Ricardo, D. (1965, Original 1817). The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Reprinted, J. M. Dent and Son. London.
Rumelt, R. P. (1984). 'Toward a strategic theory of the firm'. In R. Lamb (ed.), Competitive Strategic Management, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 55&570.
Rumelt, R. P. (1987). 'Theory, strategy, and entrepreneurship'. In D. Teece, (ed.), The Competitive Challenge. Ballinger ,Cambridge, MA, pp. 137-158.
Rumelt, R. P. (1991). 'How much does industry matter?', Strategic Management Journal, 12, pp. 167-186.
Schmalensee, R. (1978). 'Entry deterrence in the ready-to-eat breakfast cereal industry', Bell Journal of Economics, 9, pp. 305-327.
Schmalensee, R. (1985). 'Do markets differ much?' The American Economic Review, 75, pp. 341-350.
Teece, D. J. (1980). 'Economies of scope and the scope of the enterprise', Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, pp. 223-247.
Teece, D. J. (1982). 'Toward an economic theory of the multiproduct firm', Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3, pp. 39-63.
Teece, D. J. (1986). 'Firm boundaries, technological innovation, and strategic management'. In L. G.
Thomas, 111. (ed.), The Economics of Strategic Planning, Lexington, Lexington, MA, pp. 187-199.
Teece, D. (1990). 'Contributions and impediments of economic analysis to the study of strategic management'. In J. W. Fredrickson (ed.), Perspectives on Strategic Management, Harper Business, New York. pp. 39-80.
Thompson, A. A. and A. J. Strickland. (1990). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases, Irwin, Homewood, IL.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). 'A resource based view of the firm', Strategic Management Journal, 5, pp. 171-180.
Wernerfelt, B. (1989). 'From critical resources to corporate strategy', Journal of General Management, 14, pp. 4-12.
Wernerfelt, B. and C. A. Montgomery. (1986). 'What is an attractive industry?', Management Science, 32, pp. 1223-1229.
Wernerfelt, B. and C. A. Montgomery. (1988). 'Tobin's q and the importance of focus in firm performance', American Economic Review, 78, pp. 246-250.
Williamson, 0. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies. Free Press, New York.
Williamson, 0.E. (1979). 'Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations', Journal of Law and Economics, 22, pp. 233-261.
Williamson, 0. E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. Free Press, New York.
Williams, J. (1992). 'Strategy and the search for rents: The evolution of diversity among firms,' Working Paper, Carnegie Mellon University.
Yao, D. (1988). 'Beyond the reach of the invisible hand: Impediments to economic activity, market failures, and profitability, Strategic Management Journal, 9, pp. 59-70.
Thomas, 111. (ed.), The Economics of Strategic Planning, Lexington, Lexington, MA, pp. 187-199.
Teece, D. (1990). 'Contributions and impediments of economic analysis to the study of strategic management'. In J. W. Fredrickson (ed.), Perspectives on Strategic Management, Harper Business, New York. pp. 39-80.
Thompson, A. A. and A. J. Strickland. (1990). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases, Irwin, Homewood, IL.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). 'A resource based view of the firm', Strategic Management Journal, 5, pp. 171-180.
Wernerfelt, B. (1989). 'From critical resources to corporate strategy', Journal of General Management, 14, pp. 4-12.
Wernerfelt, B. and C. A. Montgomery. (1986). 'What is an attractive industry?', Management Science, 32, pp. 1223-1229.
Wernerfelt, B. and C. A. Montgomery. (1988). 'Tobin's q and the importance of focus in firm performance', American Economic Review, 78, pp. 246-250.
Williamson, 0. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies. Free Press, New York.
Williamson, 0.E. (1979). 'Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations', Journal of Law and Economics, 22, pp. 233-261.
Williamson, 0. E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. Free Press, New York.
Williams, J. (1992). 'Strategy and the search for rents: The evolution of diversity among firms,' Working Paper, Carnegie Mellon University.
Yao, D. (1988). 'Beyond the reach of the invisible hand: Impediments to economic activity, market failures, and profitability, Strategic Management Journal, 9, pp. 59-70.